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BIOLOGY GRADE 12
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Course sections

Section 1
Reproduction in Organisms
1
Introduction
2
Asexual Reproduction
3
Gamatogenesis and Sexuality
4
Sexual Reproduction in Organisms
5
Events Involved in Sexual Reproduction
Section 2
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants - Part 1
1
Introduction
2
Internal Structure of Anther
3
Formation of Male Gametophyte
Section 3
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants - Part 2
1
Megasporangium and Development of Female Gamatophyte
2
Pollination
3
Adaptation Based on the Agent of Pollination
4
Adaptation Based on the Agencies – Part 1
5
Adaptation Based on the Agencies – Part 2
6
Fertilization
7
Post Fertilization Changes
8
Development of Dicot and Monocot Embryo
9
Post Fertilization Changes continued; Artificial Hybridization
Section 4
Human Reproduction - Part 1
1
Introduction
2
Hormonal Control of Male and Female Reproductive Organs
3
Male Reproductive System – Part 1
4
Male Reproductive System – Part 2
5
Female Reproductive System – Part 1
6
Female Reproductive System – Part 2
7
Spermatogenesis
8
Structure of Sperm
9
Oogenesis
10
Structure of Egg; Comparison of Gametes
11
Menstrual Cycle
12
Fertilization – Part 1
13
Fertilization – Part 2
Section 5
Human Reproduction - Part 2
1
Fertilization – Part 3
2
Cleavage of Zygote
3
Implantation
4
Parturition and Lactation
Section 6
Reproductive Health
1
Introduction
2
Methods of Contraception – Part 1
3
Methods of Contraception – Part 2
4
Amniocentesis and Std’s
5
Infertility and Assisted Reproductive Techniques
6
Question and Answers – Part 1
7
Question and Answers – Part 2
Section 7
Principles of Inheritance and Variation
1
Introduction
2
Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance
3
Inheritance of One Gene
4
Phenotype and Genotype of Trihybrid Cross
5
Types of Cross
6
Variations From Mendel’s Principles
7
Pleiotropy; Complementary Genes
8
Collaborator Gene; Duplicating Genes
9
Polygenic Inheritance
10
Epistasis; Supplementary Genes
11
Sex Determination
12
Mutation – Part 1
13
Mutation – Part 2
14
Mutation – Part 3
15
Genetic Disorders – Part 1
16
Genetic Disorders – Part 2
17
Genetic Disorders – Part 3
18
Linkage and Gene Mapping
19
Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance; Pedigree Analysis
20
Important Terms
Section 8
Molecular Basis of Inheritance - Part 1
1
Introduction
2
Nucleotide Structure of DNA
3
Types of DNA; Important Terms Related to DNA
4
RNA; Types of RNA, mRNA
5
tRNA, rRNA; Structure of Nucleosome
6
Hershey & Chase Experiment; Properties of Genetic Material (DNA vs RNA)
7
DNA Replication & Enzymes Involved- Part 1
Section 9
Molecular Basis of Inheritance - Part 2
1
DNA Replication – Part 2
2
DNA Replication – Part 3; Semi-Conservative Way of Replication
3
Transcription Unit
4
Genetic Code & Its Salient Features
5
Translation- Part 1
6
Translation- Part 2
7
Reverse Transcription; Regulation of Gene Expression
8
Operon; Inducible Operon
9
Human Genome Project
10
DNA Fingerprinting
Section 10
Evolution
1
Introduction
2
Theories of Origin of Life; Biogenesis and Modern Theory
3
Evidences of Evolution – Part 1
4
Evidences of Evolution – Part 2
5
Evidences of Evolution – Part 3
6
Theories of Evolution – Lamarck’s Theory of Inheritance & Acquired Characteristics
7
Theories of Evolution – Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection; Mutation Theory of Evolution; Neo-Darwinism
8
Examples of Natural Selection – Industrial Melanism and DDT Resistance in Mosquitoes
9
Types of Natural Selection – Artificial Selection
10
Population Genetics; Hardy Weinberg Principle; Evolution of Humans
11
Urey-Miller Experiment; Evidences of Evolution
12
Evidences of Evolution – Part 4
Section 11
Organisms and Populations
1
Introduction
2
Major Abiotic Factors; Response to Abiotic Factors – Part 1
3
Response to Abiotic Factors – Part 2; Adaptations; Populations
4
Age Pyramid; Population Growth; Growth Models
5
Population Interactions; Predation
6
Competitions
7
Parasitism; Commensalism; Mutualism
Section 12
Biotechnology and Its Applications
1
Introduction
2
Biotechnology Applications in Agriculture – Part 1
3
Biotechnology Applications in Agriculture – Part 2; Biotechnology Applications in Medicine – Part 1
4
Biotechnology Applications in Medicine – Part 2; Transgenic Animals; Ethical Issues
Section 13
Human Health and Diseases
1
Introduction
2
Common Diseases in Humans; Life Cycle of Plasmodium; Immunity
3
Structure of an Antibody; Principle of Vaccination & Immunization; Allergy
4
Auto Immunity; Immune System of the Body; AIDS
5
Replication of Retrovirus; HIV; Prevention of AIDS
6
Cancer; Characteristic Features of Cancer Cells; Cancer Detection and Diagnosis
7
Drug and Alcohol Abuse – Part 1
8
Drug and Alcohol Abuse – Part 2
9
Drug and Alcohol Abuse – Part 3
Section 14
Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
1
Introduction
2
Animal Husbandry; MOET; Bee Keeping
3
Fisheries; Plant Breeding
4
Green Revolution; Plant Breeding for Disease Resistance
5
Mutational Breeding; Plant Breeding for Developing Insect Resistance
6
Single Cell Proteins; Tissue Culture; Somatic Hybridization
Section 15
Microbes in Human Welfare
1
Introduction
2
Sewage Treatment; Microbes in Production of Biogas
3
Biogas Plant; Microbes as Biocontrol Agents and Biofertilizers
Section 16
Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
1
Introduction
2
Origin of Replication; Tools for DNA recombinant technology
3
Vector DNA; Alien DNA; Separation and Isolation of DNA Fragments
4
Cloning Vectors
5
Competent Host; Process of Recombinant DNA technology – Part 1
6
Process of Recombinant DNA technology – Part 2
Section 17
Biodiversity and Conservation
1
Loss of Biodiversity
2
Magnitude of Biodiversity; Levels of Biodiversity – Part 1
3
Levels of Biodiversity – Part 2; India as a Megadiversity Region
4
Patterns of Biodiversity – Part 1; Species Diversity in Ecosystem
5
Conversation of Biodiversity
6
Patterns of Biodiversity – Part 2
Section 18
Environmental Issues
1
Introduction
2
Air Pollution
3
Water Pollution – Part 1
4
Water Pollution – Part 2
5
Solid Waste – Part 1
6
Solid Waste – Part 2; Agrochemicals and Their Effects; Radioactive Wastes
7
Greenhouse Effect; Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere – Part 1
8
Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere – Part 2; Degradation by Improper Resource Utilisation and Maintenance
9
Deforestation; Conservation of Forests
Section 19
Ecosystems
1
Introduction
2
Productivity; Decomposition – Part 1
3
Decomposition – Part 2 ; Energy Flow
4
Trophic Levels;Ecological Pyramid; Features of Ecological Pyramid
5
Ecological Succession; Succession in Plants
6
Nutrient Cycles; Ecosystem Services

Principles of Inheritance and Variation

Collaborator Gene; Duplicating Genes

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Principles of Inheritance and Variation Pleiotropy; Complementary Genes
Complete
Principles of Inheritance and Variation Polygenic Inheritance